RESUMO Objetiva-se demonstrar, com base em novas biografias, que o ensaio Sobre a questão judaica revela um elemento de antissemitismo que teve um papel fundamental na conversão de Marx ao comunismo. A crítica ao judeu serviu para embasar a tese marxiana de que o capitalismo, identificado com judaísmo, é mau. Novas fontes têm reforçado a suspeita de que não apenas tem-se, neste momento de 1843-44, um elemento de antissemitismo nos escritos de Marx, mas de que esse sentimento ocupou um papel essencial na conversão dele ao comunismo. É isso o que este ensaio procura provar.

ABSTRACT The objective is to demonstrate, based on new biographies, that the essay On the Jewish Question reveals an element of anti-Semitism that played a fundamental role in the conversion of Marx to Communism. Criticism of the Jew served to support the Marxian thesis that capitalism, identified with Judaism, is evil. New sources have reinforced the suspicion that not only is there at this time of 1843-44 an element of anti-Semitism in Marx’s writings, but that this sentiment played a key role in his conversion to communism. This is what this essay seeks to prove.

Este ensaio apresenta a evolução dos mais recentes modelos matemáticos de equilíbrio geral, começando pelo modelo de mercadorias contingentes, passando pelo modelo sequencial com ativos financeiros, até chegar ao caso de equilíbrio com inadimplência e mercados de ativos "colateralizados". Para tanto, discorre-se sobre as principais ideias com respeito à aplicação da teoria microeconômica do equilíbrio geral a situações que envolvam a troca e a alocação de recursos sob condições de incerteza. Depois, apresentam-se as condições de equilíbrio geral quando os mercados financeiros são incompletos. Faz-se uma avaliação crítica das hipóteses assumidas por tais modelos. Na sequência, introduz-se a discussão do papel da inadimplência no equilíbrio geral desses mercados, e finalmente discute-se o efeito das garantias (colaterais) para o equilíbrio geral dos mercados. Considerando-se uma seleção de oito importantes estudos, o artigo examina os pressupostos matemáticos e comportamentais de cada família de modelos e passa em revista os principais teoremas que demonstram, ou não, a existência do equilíbrio geral em mercados incompletos de ativos com inadimplência e colaterais. Segue ainda uma classificação das hipóteses subjacentes ao conjunto de teoremas de equilíbrio geral demonstrados na literatura considerada.

This paper presents the evolution of the most recent mathematical models of general equilibrium, starting with the model of contingent commodities, through the sequential model with securities, even to the case of equilibrium with default and collateralized securities markets. To this end, we discuss on the main ideas regarding the application of microeconomic theory ofgeneral equilibrium to situations involving the exchange and resource allocation under conditions ofuncertainty. Then we present the conditions of general equilibrium when financial markets are incomplete. We make a critical evaluation ofassumptions for such models. Further, we introduce the discussion ofthe role ofdefault in market general equilibrium, and finally we discuss the effect of collateral for the general equilibrium. Given a selection ofeight important papers, the article examines the assumptions and mathematical behavioral models of each family and examines the main theorems that demonstrate whether or not the existence ofgeneral equilibrium in incomplete security markets with default and collateral. Still follows a classification of the assumptions underlying the set of theorems of general equilibrium shown in the literature considered.

O artigo utiliza a análise neoinstitucional no intuito de respaldar a expectativa de que mudanças na estrutura de direitos de propriedade advindas com a reforma agrária no Brasil, em anos recentes, possam afetar a formação da renda nos estabelecimentos rurais. Tenta-se captar empiricamente esse efeito examinando as bases das PNADs em diferentes anos.

The article uses the neoinstitutional analysis in order to support expectations that the changes in the structure of property rights related to land reform in Brazil, in recent years, might affect the composition of revenue in rural establishments. Therefore, we attempt to empirically capture this impact, examining the PNADs databases in different years.

The German Third Reich was successful in reaching its economical objectives. It is intended to explain the causes of the First German Economic Miracle, fitting its economic system into the category of command economy, which does not confuse itself with the centrally planned economy. Thus, in the first section, we describe the so adopted politics in this period and explain how they had led to the recovery of the German economy. The second section evaluates global indicators of economic performance and population welfare. We are looking for to demonstrate the hypothesis that the Nazi economy was efficient. Such efficiency is explained by the characteristics of the German model.

The new discipline of comparative economic systems: a proposition. This article offers elements for a reorientation of the subject matter of the discipline " Comparative Economic Systems" with the impact of the fall of the Berlin’s wall. Thus, we argue that in the context of the modern democratic society the political choice between society models occurs in a narrower set of options. Thus the study of pure forms of socialism is of historical interest, but he is not relevant to this discipline since it must prioritize the debate around the choice of compatible alternative models within the rule of law. So the article offers a new program for this discipline, able to describe and to understand the diversity of systems between countries that had opted for mixing market economy.